Chiang K'ang-hu Orig. Chiang Shao-ch'üan Alt. Kiang Kang-hu Chiang K'ang-hu (18 July 1883-?), scholar, teacher, and propagandist of various reform causes. He founded the first Chinese socialist party in 1912, but later became more conservative. His ineffectual political career was broken by a scandal concerning restoration of the Manchu empire, and Chiang later took part […]

Chiang Tso-pin (1884-24 December 1942), a Hupeh military man and Peking government official who became the Chinese minister to Germany and Austria in 1928. From 1931 to 1936 he served as Chinese minister to Japan. Yingch'eng hsien in Hupeh province was the native place of Chiang Tso-pin. He received his early education in the traditional […]

Chin Yun-p'eng (1877-), a Peiyang Army officer of the Chihli faction who served Tuan Ch'i-jui as minister of war and premier ( 1 919— 21). After Chang Tso-lin established his influence in Peking, Chin retired from politics. In 1931 he became a Buddhist monk. Little is known of Chin Yun-p'eng's family background or childhood; he […]

K'ang Yu-wei (19 March 1858-31 March 1927), leader of the reform movement that culminated in the ill-fated Hundred Days Reform of 1898 and prominent scholar of the chin-wen [new text] school of the Confucian classics. The elder son of an expectant district magistrate, K'ang Yu-%vei was born in a village in Nanhai (Namhoi), a district […]

Lao Nai-hsuan (r843-21 July 1921), government official, Neo-Confucian scholar, and historian known for his scholarly account of the origins of the Boxer movement. Although T'unghsiang, Chekiang, is often given as Lao Nai-hsuan's native place, his family had lived in Soochow, Kiangsu, since his paternal grandfather's day. Lao was born in the home of his maternal […]

Huang Fu (8 March 1880-6 December 1936), government official, was a friend and adviser of Chiang Kai-shek and Feng Yü-hsiang. In the early 1920's he held such posts in Peking as acting foreign minister and minister of education. From 3 to 24 November 1924 he functioned as premier, president, and minister of interior. He served […]

Huang Chieh (1874-January 1935), poet, scholar known for his studies of the Six Dynasties period, and teacher. Although he was one of the founders of the Xan-she (1908;, he preferred the Sung style to that of T'ang. A native of Shunte, Kwangtung, Huang Chieh received his early classical training from Chien Ch'ao-liang, a disciple of […]

Huang Hsing 黃興 Orig. Huang Chen 黃軫 T. K'o-ch'iang 克強 H. Chin-wu 廑午 Huang Hsing (28 October 1874-31 October 1916), revolutionary who founded the Hua-hsing-hui [society for the revival of China], which merged with other groups in 1905 to form the T'ung-meng-hui. Huang directed such uprisings as the Canton revolt of 27 April 1911. He […]

Ho Ch'eng-chün (20 June 1882-7 May 1961), was a military officer and protege of Huang Hsing who became a leading intermediary in negotiations with independent generals and among competing factions in the Kuomintang. He held such posts as governor of Hupeh (1929-32; 1937-38), director of the Generalissimo's Wuhan headquarters, and director general of the courts-martial […]

Hung Shen (1893-29 August 1955), plav-wright, director, and drama critic. He used Western techniques in his stage productions and played an important part in the development of sound films in China. After 1949 he was prominent in cultural administration at Peking, and he served as vice chairman of the Chinese Stage Artists. A native of […]