Ts'ai T'ing-kan (1861-29 September 1935), naval officer and long-time associate of Yuan Shih-k'ai. He held protocol, customs, and other foreign-affairs posts at Peking until 1927. Although Ts'ai T'ing-kan considered himself a native of Tahsing, Chihli (Hopei), he was born at Hsiangshan (later Chungshan), Kwangtung. He received his early education in the Chinese classics at local […]
Ts'ai Yuan-p'ei 蔡元培 T. Ho-ch'ing 鶴卿 H. Chieh-min 孑民 Ts'ai Yuan-p'ei (January 1868-5 March 1940), the last of the Hanlin scholars to have major influence in twentieth-century China, was the leading liberal educator of early republican China and an important synthesizer of Chinese and Western intellectual patterns. After the overthrow of the Ch'ing dynasty, he […]
Ts'ao K'un (12 December 1862-17 May 1938), Peiyang general who served as governor of Chihli (Hopei) in 1916 and inspecting commissioner of Chihli, Shantung, and Honan in 1920. With Wu P'ei-fu's support, he headed the Chihli clique in 1920-23. Ts'ao held the presidency at Peking from October 1923 to November 1924. The third son born […]
Ts'ao Ju-lin (1876-4 August 1966), pro-Japanese official at Peking who was one of the principal targets of the May Fourth Incident of 1919. Born at Shanghai, Ts'ao Ju-lin was the son of Ts'ao Yü-ts'ai, a scholar who held the shengyuan degree. The young Ts'ao was given a thorough grounding in the Chinese classics. At the […]
Ts'en Ch'un-hsuan (1861 —March 1933), prominent Ch'ing official and rival of Yuan Shih-k'ai. He played a leading role in the anti- Yuan campaigns of 1915-16. He later joined the southern military government at Canton, serving as its head in 1918-19. A native of the Hsilin district of Kwangsi, Ts'en Ch'un-hsuan was the third of seven […]
Chang Tso-lin 張作霖 T. Yü-t'ing 雨亭 Chang Tso-lin (1873-June 1928), known as the Old Marshal, military leader who consolidated control of the Northeast. He began as the leader of a local army in Fengtien and rose to rule Manchuria as a virtually autonomous state from 1919 to his death. After 1924, Chang extended his control […]
Sun Yat-sen 孫逸仙 Orig. Sun Wen 孫文 T. Ti-hsiang 帝象 H. Jih-hsin 日新 I-hsien 逸仙 Chung-shan 中山 Alias. Nakayama Sho (Chinese: Chungshan Ch'iao) 中山樵 Sun Yat-sen (12 November 1866-12 March 1925), leader of the republican revolution and of the Kuomintang. The village of Ts'uiheng (Choyhung) in Hsiangshan hsien, Kwangtung, situated near the coast some 30 […]
Mao Tse-tung 毛澤東 T. Jun-chih 潤之 Mao Tse-tung (26 December 1893-), leader of the Chinese Communist party and founder of the People's Republic of China. Shaoshan, Hsiangt'an hsien, Hunan, was the birthplace of Mao Tse-tung. This agriculturally productive and culturally advanced section of Hunan produced two of the outstanding scholargenerals of the late Ch'ing period, […]
