Biography in English

Sun Fo (20 October 1891-), son of Sun Yat-sen. After holding the presidency of the Legislative Yuan from June 1932 to November 1948, he served as president of the Executive Yuan for four months. He then retired from public life and lived abroad in France and the United States before going to Taiwan.

A native of Kwangtung, Sun Fo was born in Hsiangshan hsien, later renamed Chungshan hsien in honor of his illustrious father, Sun Yatsen. Early in 1896 Sun Fo, then only six sui, and a younger sister born in 1896 left China with their mother to join their father in Hawaü. Sun Fo received his primary and secondary education in Honolulu. He was graduated from a Catholic institution, St. Louis College, in 1910, and in 1908-10 he also worked on a Chinese-language newspaper, the Liberty News. In 1911 he went to the United States and enrolled at the University of California. When news of the 1911 revolution and of Sun Yat-sen's return to China reached Sun Fo, he left the United States for China in hopes of joining the republican government. His father had other ideas, however, and he sent Sun Fo back to his studies in America. After being graduated from the University of California in 1916, Sun Fo went to New York, where he received an M.A. in economics from Columbia University in 1917. Then he hurried back to China to join the military government at Canton.

Sun Fo worked for a time in 1917-18 as a secretary in the offices of the rump parliament at Canton and in the ministry of foreign affairs. When Sun Yat-sen, having lost control of the Canton government to the Kwangsi clique, left Canton for Shanghai in May 1918, Sun Fo remained in Canton. In 1919 he became associate editor of the English-language newspaper Canton Times. The following year, however, he moved to Hong Kong.

After Sun Yat-sen was restored to power at Canton through the military efforts of Ch'en Chiung-ming (q.v.), he appointed Ch'en governor of Kwangtung. Ch'en, eager to display himself as an able administrator and as an advocate of local autonomy within the province, entrusted Sun Fo with the task of formulating a set of regulations for a Canton municipal council. When these regulations were promulgated on 15 February 1921, Ch'en appointed Sun Fo mayor of Canton. He held this post from 1921 to 1925, except for a short break in 1922 because of Ch'en Chiung-ming's revolt against Sun Yat-sen. The immediate problems facing the municipal council were the building of roads, the widening of streets, the construction of a sewage system, and the introduction of modern public utilities. The uncertainties of the political situation and the antipathy of property owners to these projects made Sun's task doubly difficult. Despite many obstructions, he prepared the way for the transformation of the old Chinese city of Canton into the greatest modern metropolis in southern China. In October 1923 Sun Fo was named to the provisional central executive committee of the Kuomintang. It was assigned to draft a constitution, new party regulations, and a manifesto ; to oversee the creation of new party branches on the provincial and local levels; and to plan a party congress. At the First National Congress of the Kuomintang, held in January 1924, Sun explicated the proposed constitution and served on the committee which examined reports on the development of Kuomintang activities in various localities.

Sun Yat-sen left Canton for north China in November 1924. When news of his serious illness reached Canton, Sun Fo hurried to his side, arriving in Peking on 2 February 1925. Sun Fo was among those who witnessed the signing of Sun Yat-sen's two wills on 1 1 March. He returned to Canton after his father's funeral. When the National Government was established at Canton on 1 July, he was elected to the 16-man National Government Council. At the Second National Congress of the Kuomintang in January 1926, he received membership in the Central Executive Committee. At this time, he was regarded by Communists as a rightist. In May, he began his third term as mayor of Canton and became commissioner of reconstruction and acting governor of Kwangtung. He also became a member of the Kuomintang Political Council. Later that year, he was named to head the newly established ministry of communications.

Despite numerous difficulties and setbacks, the National Government in Canton consolidated its position and in July 1926 launched the Northern Expedition, with Chiang Kai-shek as commander in chief of the National Revolutionary Army. After the first stage of the Northern Expedition ended with the capture of Wuhan, the National Government dispatched Hsu Ch'ien, T. V. Soong, Eugene Ch'en (qq.v.), Soviet adviser Borodin, and Sun Fo to Wuhan to investigate the possibility of moving the government there. On 1 3 December, three days after the group reached Wuhan, it established the provisional joint session of the Central Executive Committee and the National Government Council, which proclaimed itself supreme party and government authority for the time being. Its decision to move the seat of government to Wuhan was opposed strongly by Chiang Kai-shek and his conservative supporters. On 10-16 March 1927 the third plenum of the second Central Executive Committee met at Wuhan and formally established the National Government there. Sun Fo became one of the key figures in the Wuhan regime. He was a member of the five-man Standing Committee of the Government Council, director of the party youth ministry, a member of the Central Executive Committee's Standing Committee, a member of the presidium of the Central Political Council, and a member of the Military Council.

Chiang Kai-shek and his supporters organized a rival government at Nanking in April 1927 and worked to suppress Communists in areas under their control. After Feng Yu-hsiang (q.v.) shifted the balance of power in China by giving his support to Chiang Kai-shek, the Wuhan regime began a purge of Communists in July. This action opened the way for the reunification of the Kuomintang. In the ensuing negotiations, Sun Fo and T'an Yen-k'ai (q.v.) represented the Wuhan faction. Chiang Kai-shek announced his retirement in August, and a unified National Government was established in Nanking on 20 September 1927. Sun Fo served briefly as minister of finance before becoming minister of reconstruction on 3 January 1928. After Chiang Kai-shek resumed power on 9 January, Sun decided to join C. C. Wu (Wu Ch'ao-shu) and Hu Hanmin on a trip to India, Egypt, Turkey, and such European countries as France, Germany, Italy, and England. This group left China at the end of January and returned in August. When the new National Government was established at Nanking in October 1928, Sun Fo became a member of the State Council, minister of railways, and vice president of the Examination Yuan. In 1929 he established the China National Aviation Corporation, China's first civil aviation company. He left Nanking in May 1931 after four senior members of the Central Supervisory Committee of the Kuomintang issued a statement impeaching Chiang Kai-shek for the illegal arrest of Hu Han-min. Sun attended the conference at Canton that led to the formation on 28 May 1931 of an opposition national government at Canton. Among the other participants in the conference were Wang Ching-wei, Eugene Ch'en, T'ang Shao-yi, Ch'en Chi-t'ang, and Li Tsung-jen. Civil war was averted by the Japanese attack on Mukden in September. In the ensuing negotiations, Sun Fo acted as a representative of Canton. Hu Han-min was released; the feuding party factions were reunited; and Chiang Kai-shek temporarily retired from office.

In the December 1931 reorganization of the National Government at Nanking, Sun Fo was made president of the Executive Yuan. Because he and his cabinet failed to win the support of such important men as the Shanghai bankers and T. V. Soong, he resigned on 25 January 1932. In June of that year he was appointed president of the Legislative Yuan, a post he held until November 1948. It thus was under his direction that the task of drafting modern laws for the republic was carried out. From January 1933 to May 1936 the Legislative Yuan worked on a draft constitution which became known as the 5 May constitution. His high position in the National Government notwithstanding, Sun Fo was among those Kuomintang leaders who opposed Chiang Kai-shek's policies and who advocated immediate and determined resistance to Japanese invasion, the securing of assistance from the Soviet Union, and reconciliation with the Chinese Communists. After the Sian Incident (see Chiang Kai-shek; Chang Hsuehliang) and the formation ofa united front against the Japanese, he was chosen to represent China in secret negotiations with Bogomoloff, the Russian ambassador. These talks, which began in March 1937, resulted in the signing of a Sino-Soviet non-aggression pact in August of that year. Sun was sent to Moscow in January 1938 and April 1939 as a special envoy of Chiang Kai-shek. Both times he obtained substantial loans from Stalin, and on the second trip he signed a Sino-Soviet commercial treaty. In the early years of the Sino-Japanese war, Sun Fo often lectured on the world situation. A collection of his addresses was published in the autumn of 1942 as Ch'ien-tu, and an English version was published in the United States in 1944 under the title China Looks Forward. In November 1946, after the war ended and the National Government returned to Nanking from the wartime capital of Chungking, the Kuomintang convened the National Assembly. On 25 December it adopted a constitution, thus ending the Kuomintang's 20-year monopoly on political power in the National Government. The promulgation of this constitution on 1 January 1947 marked the culmination of Sun Fo's career in the Legislative Yuan. Pending the holding of elections, a coalition government was formed in April 1 947. Sun Fo was appointed to the newly created post of vice president. He held this office until April 1948, when he was defeated in the race for the vice presidency by Li Tsung-jen. On 17 May, he was elected president of the Legislative Yuan. The Chinese Communists made rapid progress in their campaign for control of the mainland, and in November 1948 Sun Fo was called upon to head the Executive Yuan and form a cabinet. In February 1949, a month after Li Tsung-jen became acting President, Sun Fo moved the Executive Yuan to Canton to express his disapproval of Li's attempts to negotiate with the Chinese Communists. Sun resigned in March, and Ho Ying-ch'in succeeded him.

After 1949, Sun Fo lived for a time in France and then moved to the United States. In October 1964 he went to Taiwan, where he became a senior adviser to the presidential office in December 1965. He received a substantive post as president of the Examination Yuan in May 1966.

Sun Fo was married to Sukying (Kwai Jun-chun). They had two sons and two daughters.

Biography in Chinese

孙科
字:哲生

孙科(1891.10.20—),孙逸仙的儿子,1932年6月至1948年11月任立法院长,后又当了四个月的行政院长,之后他退职住在法国和美国,后去台湾。
孙科出生在广东香山县,该县以后为纪念他著名的父亲,改名为中山县。1896年,他的妹妹出世。他六岁时,就和母亲去夏威夷父亲处。他在檀香山上小学、中学,1910年毕业于天主教的圣路易斯学院。1808—1910年间还在华文报《自由新闻》工作。1911年去美国进加利福利亚大学,当1911年革命和孙逸仙回国的消息传到后,他离美回国以便参加民国政府工作。但他父亲另有打算,又把他送回美国读书,1916年毕业于加里福尼亚大学后又去纽约,1917年获得哥伦比亚大学经济学硕士学位后,立即回国参加广州军政府。
孙科在1917—18年间任广州非常国会及外交部秘书。1918年5月,桂系势力进入广东,孙逸仙离广州去上海,孙科留在广州,1919年任广州英文《广州时报》副主编,第二年他去香港。
陈炯明用武力夺回了孙逸仙在广州的权力,孙逸仙任陈为广东省长。陈炯明为了显示自己是个能干的行政官员并赞助广东的地方自治,委托孙科拟订广州市政条例于1921年2月15日公布,井任命孙科为广州市长。孙科从1921年到1925年,除1922年因陈炯明变乱而一度中断外,一直担任这个职务。当时的市政府面临的急迫任务是建筑道路、拓宽街道、修建下水道以及建立近代公用事业。由于政局不稳,以及有产者对这些事业的冷淡,使孙科倍感任务的困难。虽有种种阻难,他终于为改建旧广州城为华南最大的现代都市开辟了道路。
1923年10月,孙科被任命参加国民党临时中央执行委员会,其任务是拟订党纲、党章和宣言,监督成立省党部和地方党部,筹备党代表大会。在1924年1月举行的国民党第一次全国代表大会上,孙科作了有关党纲的说明,并参加了审查地方党部活动情况报告的委员会的工作。
1924年11月,孙逸仙离广州去华北,他病重的消息传到广州时,孙科即于1925年2月2日赶到北京。3月11日孙逸仙签署两种遗嘱时孙科在场。孙逸仙的丧仪完毕后,他回到广州。7月1日,国民政府在广州成立,孙科被选为十六名政府委员之一,1926年1月国民党第二次全国代表大会上,他被选为中央执行委员,当时,他被共产党认为是国民党右派。5月,孙科第三次出任广州市长兼广东省建设厅长,并代理广东省长,又任国民党政治委员会委员,不久,任新成立的交通部长。
广州国民政府历经艰难挫折巩固了自己的地位,并于1926年7月开始北伐,以蒋介石为北伐军总司令。北伐第一阶段以攻克武汉而告结束,国民政府派出徐谦、宋子文、陈友仁、苏联顾问鲍罗廷、孙科去武汉调查将政府迁往该地的可能性。12月13日,他们到达武汉的三天后建立了中央执行委员会和政府委员会联席会议,暂充党政的最高权力机关。政府迁往武汉之议,为蒋介石及其保守派的支持者们所坚决反对。1927年3月10日至16日,国民党二届三中全会在武汉召开,正式成立国民政府,孙科是武汉政府中的关键人物之一,他是国府委员会五个常务委员之一,又是青年部长,中央执行委员会常务委员,中央政治会议主席团成员,军事委员会委员。
1927年4月,蒋介石等人在南京成立对峙的政府,并在其控制地区镇压共产党。自冯玉祥支持蒋介石从而改变中国的权力平衡以后,武汉政府亦在7月间开始清除共产党,为国民党的重新统一铺平了道路。在接着举行的宁汉会谈中,孙科和谭延闿代表武汉方面。8月,蒋介石宣布辞职,统一的国民政府于1927年9月20日在南京成立。孙科于1928年1月3日任建设部长前曾一度任财政部长。1月9日,蒋介石重新上台,孙科和伍朝枢、胡汉民去印度、埃及、土耳其及欧洲的法、德、意、英各国旅游。他们于1月出国,8月回国。
1928年10月,新的国民政府在南京成立时,孙科任国府委员、铁道部长、考试院副院长。1929年,他创办了中国第一个民航机构中国航空公司。国民党中央监察委员会的四名元老因胡汉民被非法逮捕发表宣言斥责蒋介石,孙科于1931年5月离开南京。他在广州参加会议,于1931年5月28日成立反对派国民政府。会议参加人还有汪精卫、陈友仁、唐绍仪、陈济棠、李宗仁等。双方之间的内战因9月沈阳事变发生而得以避免。接着双方谈判,孙科为广州方面代表。胡汉民获释,国民党互相争吵的两派重新统一,蒋介石暂行辞职。
1931年12月,南京国民政府改组,孙科任行政院长,但因得不到上海的银行界及宋子文等要人支持,于1932年1月25日辞职。6月,他出任立法院长,一直到1948年11月。他在任内主持拟订现代立法。1933年1月到1936年5月立法院起草了“五五宪法”。尽管他身居政府要职,却是国民党领袖中反对蒋介石政策的一人。他们主张立即坚决抗日,争取苏联援助,和共产党和解。西安事变及抗日统一战线建立后,他奉命代表中国和苏联大使鲍格莫洛夫秘密谈判。谈判于1937年3月开始,结果于8月签订了中苏互不侵犯条约。1938年1月和1939年4月,孙科以蒋介石特使身份去莫斯科,两次都从斯大林那里获得大笔借款,第二次并签订了中苏商务条约。
中日战争初期,孙科经常作世界形势的演讲,他的演讲集《前途》于1942年秋出版,英文本于1944年在美国出版,题为《中国向前看》。
战争结束后,1946年11月,国民政府由战时首都重庆迁回南京,国民党召开国民代表大会。12月25日颁行宪法,从而结束了国民党二十年来的一党专政。1947年1月1日公布的宪法,是孙科在立法院任内的最高成就。选举之前,1947年4月组成了联合政府,孙科任新设立的副主席一职,他任此职到1948年4月,当时他竞选副总统败于李宗仁之手。5月17日,他当选立法院院长。中国共产党进展迅速即将接管大陆时,1948年11月,孙科被召任行政院长进行组阁。1949年2月,李宗仁任代总统后一个月,孙科把行政院撤到广州以表示反对李宗仁与共产党谈判,3月他辞去行政院长之职,由何应钦继任。
1949年后,孙科在法国住了一些时候,然后去了美国。1964年10月他到了台湾,1965年12月任总统府高级咨议,1966年5月他得到了考试院长的实职。
孙科和苏芹(桂仁君)(音)结婚,有子女各两人。

 

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