Chu Chih-hsin (12 October 1885-21 September 1920), anti-Manchu revolutionary and protege of Sun Yat-sen, was active as a T'ung-meng-hui propagandist and as an organizer of anti- Manchu uprisings in Kwangtung. He later helped to organize resistance to Yuan Shih-k'ai. A leading figure in developing and popularizing Sun Yat-sen's political and social ideas, he founded the […]
Chang Chia-sen 張嘉森 T. Chün-mai West. Carsun Chang Chang Chia-sen (1886-), known as Carsun Chang, a leading supporter of Liang Ch'ich'ao's ideas and movements, worked for the establishment of constitutional government in the early 1900's. Prominent in the attempt to focus attention in China on cultural and educational activities, he studied philosophy in Germany and […]
Chang Ch'i-yün T. Hsiao-fen Chang Ch'i-yün (1901-), scholar and official, taught history and geography for many years at National Central and Chekiang universities. He also wrote on the modernization of China. He served in Taiwan in such positions as secretary general of Chiang Kai-shek's office and minister of education. A native of Yinhsien, Chekiang, Chang […]
Chou Tzu-ch'i (1871-20 October 1932), government official, served Yuan Shih-k'ai's government as minister of finance. Because of his complicity in Yuan's monarchical plot, Chou was forced to live in Japan (1916-17) to avoid arrest. He later served as minister of finance (1920) and as acting premier (1922). Although his native place was Shanhsien, Shantung, Chou […]
Chu Teh 朱德 T. Yü-chieh 玉階 Chu Teh (18 December 1886-), commander in chief of the Chinese Communist forces for many years, became associated with Mao Tse-tung in 1928, when their forces combined to form the Fourth Red Army and to establish the central Communist base in Kiangsi. During the 1930's and early 1940's Chu […]
Chou Hsueh-hsi (12 January 1866-26 September 1947), industrial promoter and entrepreneur. He served Yuan Shih-k'ai in the field of economic modernization in north China and then as minister of finance. He organized the Ch'i-hsin Cement Company, established the Peking Water Works, and was one of the central figures in the successful Chinese efforts to regain […]
Chao Heng-t'i (1880-), Hunanese general and governor of Hunan from 1921-26. As governor he attempted to put into practice the constitutionalist ideas of Liang Ch'i-ch'ao (q.v.). A native of Hengshan, Hunan, Chao Hengt'i was born into a fairly prosperous family. His father, Chao Tzu-ying, was a sheng-yuan and had a local reputation as an accomplished […]
Chang Tsung-hsiang ( 1 877- ?) studied law in Japan and served the early republican government in such positions as minister of justice. Tuan Ch'i-jui appointed him minister to Japan in 1916, and he helped to negotiate the Nishihara loans in 1917-18. When opposition to the secret agreements with Japan gave rise to the May […]
Chang Yuan-chi (1866-14 August 1959), largely responsible for developing the Commercial Press into the largest publishing house in China, produced a major textbook series, built up the Han-fen-lou library, and, using modern techniques, initiated the large-scale reprinting of rare books, including the 24 dynastic histories and rare editions of the Ssu-k'u cli'uan-shu. He also established […]
Chang Erh-t'ien (17 March 1874-15 February 1945), traditional scholar and university professor, was noted for his historical studies, including his contributions to the Ch'ing-shih kao, the provisional history of the Ch'ing dynasty published in 1928, and his studies of Mongol history. A native of Ch'ient'ang, Chekiang, Chang Erh-t'ien came from a prominent family which had […]
