T'ao Hsing-chih (1891-25 July 1946), educational theorist and reformer who based his ideas on those of John Dewey and Wang Yangming. His theories of "life education" were embodied in the mass education and rural education movements of the 1920's and in the work-study and "national crisis education" programs of the 1930's. Born into a family […]

Charles Jones Soong (1866-3 May 1918), American-trained missionary who became a successful businessman and industrialist in Shanghai as well as the patriarch of the influential Soong family. The Wench'ang district of the island of Hainan, off the coast of Kwangtung province, was the native place of Charles Jones Soong. He was the youngest of three […]

Shen Yin-mo (1887-), professor of history and literary man who later won fame as a calligrapher. Wuhsing, Chekiang, was the native place of Shen Yin-mo. After receiving a traditional primary education in the Chinese classics, he attended the Chiahsing Normal School and later joined his brothers, Shen Shih-yuan and Shen Chien-shih, in Japan for advanced […]

Shen Ts'ung-wen ( 1 903-) , professor of literature, editor, and writer of fiction celebrating everyday life and the dignity of the common Chinese. Fenghuang, on the western border of Hunan, was the birthplace of Shen Ts'ung-wen. He was born into an old military family which had lost its money during the Boxer Uprising. Shen […]

Jen Hung-chün (20 December 1886-9 November 1961), known as H. C. Zen, educational administrator and a pioneer in the effort to promote modern scientific learning in China. He held such positions as president of the Science Society of China (1914-23, 1934-36, 1947-50), executive director of the China Foundation for the Promotion of Education and Culture […]

Ch'ien Hsuan-t'ung (12 September 1887-17 January 1939), applied the critical methods of Hu Shih to the study of Chinese classical texts. He taught for many years at Peking University, where he contributed articles to the Hsin ch'ing-nien [new youth] and served as one of its editors. He was also a leader in the movement to […]

Ch'ien Tuan-sheng (25 February 1900-), political scientist, wrote major works on Chinese constitutional theory and government, notably The Government and Politics of China. Harvardtrained, Ch'ien was an independent intellectual as well as influential educator and dean of the law school of National Peking University. He opposed Kuomintang policies and in 1949 welcomed the Communist regime, […]

P'an Kuang-tan (1898-), sociologist, essayist, and propagandist for national betterment through eugenics. He was noted for his studies of family and clan genealogies. Born in Paoshan, Kiangsu, P'an Kuang-tan was the son of P'an Hung-ting, a chin-shih who was a member of the Hanlin Academy. According to P'an Kuang-tan, his family "belonged half to the […]

Mei Kuang-ti (22 January 1890-27 December 1945), scholar and editor of the conservative literary journal Hsueh-heng [the critical review]. Though a pioneer in the introduction of Western literature to China, he was an uncompromising opponent of the Chinese literary movements of the 1920's. He taught Chinese at Harvard University from 1924 to 1936. Hsuancheng, Anhwei, […]

Ma Hsü-lun ( 27 April 1884-), educator, revolutionary, and government official, was a professor of Chinese philosophy at Peking University in 1916-36. He became sympathetic to the Communist cause during the Sino- Japanese war, and he was named minister of education when the Central People's Government was established in 1949. From 1952 to 1954 he […]