Yen Fu (8 January 1854-27 October 1921), naval officer who became the foremost translator-commentator of his day. Through his translations, the works of such Western thinkers as Charles Darwin, Herbert Spencer, John Stuart Mill, and Adam Smith were introduced to China. The only son of a practitioner of Chinese medicine. Yen Fu was born in […]

Yen Hsi-shan 閻錫山 T. Pai-ch'uan 百川 Yen Hsi-shan (1883- 24 May 1960), Shansi warlord and one of the outstanding political strategists of the republican period. In 1930 he joined with Feng Yü-hsiang (q.v.) in an unsuccessful northern coalition against Chiang Kai-shek. During the Sino-Japanese war, he served as commander in chief of the Second War […]

Yang Tu (10 January 1875-17 September 1931), student of Wang K'ai-yün and advocate of constitutional monarchy who became an adviser to Yuan Shih-k'ai. In 1 9 1 5 he organized the Ch'ou-an-hui [society to plan for stability] to implement Yuan's plans for establishing a monarchy. Hsiangt'an, Hunan, was the birthplace of Yang Tu. He lost […]

Yang Sen (c.1887-), Szechwanese military and political leader who served as commander in chief of the Twenty-seventh Group Army and deputy commander of the Ninth War Area in 1938-44. He was governor of Kweichow in 1945-47 and mayor of Chungking in 1948-49. A native of Kuangan, Szechwan, Yang Sen was born into a scholarly family […]

Yang Yung-t'ai (1880-25 October 1936), revolutionary propagandist, leader of the socalled Political Science Group, and one of the most influential bureaucrats in Chiang Kaishek's entourage in the early 1930's. From 1932 to 1936 he was secretary of Chiang's Nanchang headquarters. Soon after becoming governor of Hupeh in 1936, he was assassinated. Maoming, Kwangtung, was the […]

Hsiung K'o-wu (1881-), anti-Manchu revolutionary and senior Szechwanese military leader, was one of the very few active commanders elected to the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintangin 1924. He later became a member of the party's Central Supervisory Committee and of the Government Council. In 1950-54 he served Peking as a vice chairman of the […]

Hsiung Shih-hui (1894-) served Chiang Kaishek as an officer on the Northern Expedition, governor of Kiangsi (1931-41), head of a military mission to the United States (194243), and head of the Northeast headquarters of the Military Affairs Commission (1945-47). He then lived in Hong Kong, Macao, and Bangkok before moving to Taiwan in 1954. Born […]

Hsiung Shih-li (1885-), philosopher. As expressed in his most important work, Hsin weishih lun [new doctrine of consciousness only], Hsiung's system combined elements of the I-ching, the Lu-Wang school of Neo-Confucianism, and the wei-shih school of Mahayana Buddhism. A native of Huangkang, Hupeh, Hsiung Shih-li was the third in a family of six boys. Only […]

Hsiung Hsi-ling (1870-1942), government official, is best known as the premier of the "first caliber cabinet" of 1913-14. Hsiung all but retired from public life in 1914. He later achieved considerable reputation as a philanthropist and sponsor of charitable works. A native of Fenghuang hsien, Hunan, Hsiung Hsi-ling was the son of a military officer […]

Hsü Ch'ung-chih (26 October 1887-25 January 1965), as chief aide to Ch'en Chiung-ming, helped to build Sun Yat-sen's military establishment, becoming commander in chief of Sun's Kwangtung forces in 1923. He reached the peak of his career in 1925, when he served briefly as minister of war and governor of Kwangtung. After 1945, he made […]