Jen Cho-hsuan (4 April 1896-), Chinese Communist youth leader who severed relations with the Chinese Communist party in 1928 to launch a new career as a publisher and writer of philosophical and polemical works. After 1937 he worked to further understanding of and adherence to Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principles. After 1950, he taught at […]

Shao P'iao-p'ing (1889-26 April 1926), journalist and editor of the Peking newspaper Ching Pao [Peking report]. He was executed for allegedly treasonous activities in 1926. The Chinhua district of Chekiang was the birthplace of Shao P'iao-p'ing. Little is known about his background or early years except that he entered the Chekiang Higher School at Hangchow […]

Niu Yung-chien (1870-24 December 1965), republican revolutionary and military associate of Sun Yat-sen who later served as governor of Kiangsu (1927-29) and vice president of the Examination Yuan (1933-40, 1949). He became acting president of the yuan in 1949 and continued to hold that post in Taiwan until his retirement in 1952. Little is known […]

Ou-yang Ching-wu (20 November 1871-23 February 1943), leading Buddhist layman and scholarly representative of the wei-shih school. The son of an assistant department director in the Board of Civil Affairs, Ou-yang Ching-wu was born in Ihuang, Kiangsi. His father died when Ou-yang was six, and he was raised by his mother and other female relatives. […]

P'eng P'ai (22 October 1896-30 August 1929), the first Chinese Communist leader to organize peasants for political purposes and the founder of the short-lived Hai-lu-feng soviet. He was executed by the Nationalists at Shanghai. Born into a well-to-do landlord family in Haifeng (Hoifung), Kwangtung, P'eng P'ai received a traditional primary education in the Chinese classics. […]

P'u-yi (1906-17 October 1967), the last Manchu emperor. Born in Peking, P'u-yi was the son of Tsaifeng, the second Prince Ch'un and the nephew of the Kuang-hsü emperor. As the emperor neared death in 1908, some members of the Manchu hierarchy pressed the claims of P'u-lun and P'u-wei, older great-grandsons of the Taokuang Emperor in […]

Ma Ch'ao-chün (1885-), repubUcan 'revolutionary and follower of Sun Yat-sen who was a pioneer in the labor movement in China. He later held important administrative posts in both the Kuomintang and the National Government, and he served three terms as mayor of Nanking. After 1949, he lived in Taiwan. The younger of two sons, Ma […]

Lung Chi-kuang (1860-1921), a Yunnanese military man who became military commander o Kwangsi in 1 908 and of Kwangtung in 1911. A supporter of Yuan Shih-k'ai, he held control of Kwangtung from mid-1914 until mid- 191 6, when he was transferred to Hainan Island as commissioner of mining development. In December 1917, on orders from […]

Lung Yün (1888-27 June 1962), was governor of Yunnan from 1928 until 1945, when he was deposed. He spent 1945-48 in Chungking and Nanking as an unwilling guest of the National Government. After 1949 he held nominally senior posts in the Central People's Government. He came under censure as a rightist in 1957 and was […]

Lu Ti-p'ing (1887-31 January 1935), Hunanese military officer who served as field commander of the Second Army of the National Revolutionary Army during the Northern Expedition. He later held the governorships of Hunan (1928), Kiangsi (1929-31), and Chekiang (1931-34). The younger of two sons in a family of modest means, Lu Ti-p'ing was born in […]