Lung Yün (1888-27 June 1962), was governor of Yunnan from 1928 until 1945, when he was deposed. He spent 1945-48 in Chungking and Nanking as an unwilling guest of the National Government. After 1949 he held nominally senior posts in the Central People's Government. He came under censure as a rightist in 1957 and was dismissed from his official posts in February 1958.
A member of the minority group known as the Lolo, Lung Yün was born in the Chaot'ung district of Yunnan. Little is known about his early years except that he joined a number of secret societies in the Yunnan-Szechwan border area. He eventually came to the attention of T'ang Chi-yao (q.v.j, who secured a place for him at the Yunnan Provincial Military Academy. After graduation in 1912, he joined T'ang's personal military staff. In this capacity, he participated in the Yunnan uprising of 1915, which resulted in the thwarting of Yuan Shih-k"ai's monarchical ambitions and in the election of T'ang Chi-yao as military governor of an independent Yunnan. Lung continued to serve in T'ang's personal force until 1924 when he received command of the Fifth Army of the Yunnan forces.
By 1927 considerable opposition to the iron rule of T'ang Chi-yao had developed in Yunnan. In February 1927 Lung Yün, Hu Jo-yu, and two other military leaders staged a coup and presented T'ang with demands for reform. The Yunnan provincial government was reorganized so that Lung Yun held power, although T'ang Chi-yao received the post of director general. After T'ang Chi-yao's death in May, Lung Yün announced his support of the National Government and his readiness to commit troops to the Xorthern Expedition. He ^as appointed commander of the Thirty-eighth Army of the National Revolutionary Army. The National Government took further action in 1928, recognizing Lung Yün as governor of Yunnan and appointing him commander of the Thirteenth Route Army. By this time. Lung had consolidated his control of the province, and it was undisturbed by the civil wars that persisted in many provinces even after the national unification of China under the Kuomintang. He ran Yunnan as he wished, maintaining a loose alliance with the National Government. Lung was elected an alternate member of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang in 1931 and a full member of the Central Supervisory Committee in 1935. The outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war in July 1937 roused the people of Yunnan from their indifference to national affairs. Lung Yün joined other military leaders in answering Chiang Kai-shek's call to a conference in Nanking. The successful construction of the Burma Road in about a year's time was in some measure due to the efforts of Lung Yün. As the Japanese advanced, Yunnan came to have a special significance because it was a border province, a link with the outside world. The political climate of Yunnan also was disturbed by the influx of schools and universities, the faculties of which contained intellectuals of many political persuasions. Lung Yün's support was sought by all factions in the war, but he remained an ally of the National Government and worked to maintain the stability of Yunnan. However, neither he nor the National Government authorities were oblivious to the delicate situation created by his entrenched position as governor of a semi-independent Yunnan. After the War in the Pacific began. Lung Yün found it impossible to close his province to outside armies, for many units had to make use of the Burma Road. By this time, Chiang Kai-shek had established a Kunming headquarters, with Lung *as director, thereby giving Lung some authority over the movements of outside forces. Although this appointment appeased Lung to some degree, he refused to allow Chinese or foreign combat troops into the city of Kunming.
In 1944 Ch'en Ming-shu and T'an P'ing-shan began to form a group to oppose the ruling circles of the National Government. It was inaugurated in Chungking in 1945 as the San Min Chu I Comrades Association, and it advocated the restoration of the platform presented by Sun Yat-sen at the First National Congress of the Kuomintang. Lung Yün reportedly became a member of this group. However, at the war's end, the Nationalist authorities moved quickly to bring Yunnan under their control. The Yunnan forces were sent to Indo-China to receive the surrender of the Japanese army in that area, and Tu Yü-ming (q.v.) staged a coup at Kunming in late 1945. Lung Yün was escorted to Chungking, where he was named head of the military council of the Military Affairs Commission. When the National Government returned to Nanking and the council was abolished, he was given a nominal post as a strategy adviser. His close relative and deputy commander, Lu Han (q.v.), succeeded him as governor of Yunnan. Throughout this period Lung was kept under close surveillance that amounted to house arrest. Toward the end of 1948, he escaped from his supervisors, assumed a disguise, and took a plane to Hong Kong. Although he was associated with such dissidents as Li Chi-shen q.v.) in Hong Kong, he did not accompany them to the Communist-occupied areas in north China in 1949. He refused an invitation to serve as a delegate at the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, but he nevertheless was made a member of the Central People's Government Council, a vice chairman of the National Defense Council, and a vice chairman of the Southwest Military and Administrative Committee. [459] Ma Chan-shan Early in 1950 Lung Yun left Hong Kong and went to Peking to assume office. In 1954 he served as a delegate from Yunnan to the National People's Congress, at which he made a speech extolling the new constitution, because of its provisions concerning the equality of various ethnic minorities in China. Two years later, he became a vice chairman of the Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee. In 1957, however, he was accused of being a rightist. He appeared before the National People's Congress in July 1957 and admitted that he had failed to remold his ideology, had criticized the Soviet Union, and had betrayed the love shown him by the Chinese Communist party. After confessing to wrong thinking, he was attacked by other leaders of the Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee, who accused him, among other things, of confiscating more than 3,000 mou of land from peasants. In February 1958 Lung Yün was dismissed from his official posts, which then included membership on the standing committee of the National Peoples Congress and vice chairmanship of the National Defense Council, and was required to study and remold his ideas. Although he was removed from the vice chairmanship of the Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee, he continued to serve on the standing committee of that organization.
Lung Yün died at Peking on 27 June 1962. He was survived by his wife, nee Ku Ying-chiu, by his daughter, Kuo-pi, and by five of his six sons, Sheng-wu, Sheng-tsu, Sheng-wen, Shenghsun, and Sheng-te. Another son, Shengtseng, had been killed in Yunnan in 1950.
龙云
原名:龙登云
字:志舟
龙云(1888—1962.6.27),1928—1945年任云南省主席,1945年免职。1945—1948年先后在重庆、南京违反自己的心愿充当了国民政府的宾客,1949年后在中央人民政府担任一些名义上的高级职位,1957年成为右派,1958年2月免去政府各职。
龙云是彝族中的贵族,生于云南昭通,早年情况不详,曾在川滇边境参加过秘密会社,最后得到唐继尧的赏识,将他安置在云南武备学堂。1912年毕业后,进了唐继尧的私人卫队,由此参予了1915年的云南起义反对袁世凯称帝,起义中唐继尧被举为宣布独立的云南的督军。龙云一直在唐继尧的私人部队中服务,1924年任滇军第五军军长。
1927年云南兴起反对唐继尧严酷统治的斗争,2月,龙云和胡芳愚以及另两名军界领导人实行兵变,要求唐继尧采取改革措,云南省当局因而改组,龙云得以掌权,唐继尧成为省政府总裁,6月,唐继尧去世,龙云宣布支持国民政府,并决定派兵参加北伐,他被任命为国民革命军第三十八军军长。1928年,国民政府又进一步承认龙云为云南省政府主席,第十三路军总指挥,龙云趁此巩固了他在云南的统治,并得以避免了虽经国民党统一而在许多省份仍不断发生的内战的骚扰。龙云与国民政府保持泛泛的联系而在云南自行其事,1931年当选为国民党候补中央执行委员,1935年当选为正式中央监察委员。
1937年7月中日战争爆发后,云南省人民对国事不再置若罔闻,龙云应蒋介石之邀与其他军界领袖一起在南京开会。滇缅公路在一年内建成,在一定程度上系得力于龙云的努力。日本的进袭,使云南的地位更为重要,因为它地处边界,是与外界联系的通路。大专院校的迁入,使云南的政治气氛颇为复杂,因为那些学校的教职员包括了各种政治见解的知识分子。战时各派系都力求取得龙云的支持,而龙云仍与国民政府合作,以取得云南的稳定。龙云本人和国民政府都没有忽视在这个半独立的云南固守着省主席的微妙地位。
太平洋战争发生后,不少单位要利用滇缅路,龙云感到对外来部队已不能拒而不纳了。当时,蒋介石在昆明设立行营,龙云为主任,对外来军队享有指挥权。此举虽对龙云有某些安抚作用,但他却拒绝中国或外国的战斗部队进入昆明市区。
1944年,陈铭枢、谭平山等人组织了一个反对国民政府中领导集团的团体,1945年在重庆正式成立了三民主义同志会,主张恢复在国民党第一次全国代表大会上孙逸仙提岀的政纲,据说龙云是其中的一名成员。战争结束后,国民党当局迅速采取行动控制了云南,把滇军调到越南接受日军投降,1945年底,杜聿明在昆明举行兵变,把龙云护送到重庆任军事参议院院长。国民政府迁回南京,军事参议院取消后,龙云当了一名战略谘议,云南省主席由他的至亲和副手卢汉继任,龙云则一直受到监视和软禁。1948年底,他化装趁飞机逃到香港,与其他的反对人士如李济深等来往,1949年他未随同他们前去共产党佔领的华北地区。他拒不参加中国人民政治协商会议,但被任命为中央人民政府委员会委员,国防委员会副主席和西南军政委员会副主席。
1950年初,龙云离香港到北京就职。1954年任出席全国人民代表大会的云南省代表,他在会上发言赞成新宪法规定少敦民族的平等权利。两年后他成为国民党革命委员会一名副主席,1957年他被划成右派,7月,他出席全国人大,在会上发言时承认自已未能进行思想改造,批评了苏联,辜负了中国共产党对他的爱护。他承认错误,国民党革命委员会的其他领导人对他进行攻击,遣责他掠夺了农民的三千多亩土地。1958年2月,免除了他在政府中的职位,其中有全国人大常委、国防委员会副主席等,要他继续学习,改造思想。他虽被免除了国民党革命委员会副主席之职,但仍任常委。
龙云于1962年6月27日死在北京,遗妻顾映秋。