Chang Tsung-ch'ang T. Hsiao-k'un 7Jt «*fr Chang Tsung-ch'ang (1881-3 September 1932), military commander, served under Chang Tso-lin (q.v.) from 1922 to 1925. From 1925 to 1928 he was military governor of Shantung province. Born at Chuchiatsun, Yihsien, in Shantung province, Chang Tsung-ch'ang came from undistinguished stock. Both of his parents practiced trades which were socially […]
Yü Han-mou (1891-), Kwangtung Army commander and subordinate of Ch'en Chi-t'ang (q.v.) whose defection to the National Government in 1936 contributed to the avoidance of civil war between Canton and Nanking. In 1948 he served briefly as commander in chief of the Chinese land forces. Little is known about Yü Han-mou's family background or early […]
Sung Che-yuan T. Ming-hsüan 5fc tf 7C Sung Che-yuan (30 October 1885-4 April 1940), subordinate of Feng Yü-hsiang. In 1930 he received command of the Twenty-ninth Army. As chairman of the Hopei-Chahar Political Council, he was deeply involved before 1937 in Sino-Japanese confrontations in north China. Loling, Shantung, was the birthplace of Sung Che-yuan. Although […]
Ma Fu-hsiang (1876-19 August 1932), Chinese Muslim leader who ruled the district that later became Ninghsia (1913-20) and the Suiyuan special district (1921-24). He was appointed co-director with Feng Yü-hsiang of northwestern border defense in 1924, but he left Feng's service in 1929. He then served the National Government as governor of Anhwei and chairman […]
Ma Hung-k'uei (1893-), son of Ma Fu-hsiang who served as governor of Ninghsia from 1933 to 1948. The son of Ma Fu-hsiang (q.v.). Ma Hungk'uei was a native of Hanchiachi in Taoho hsien, Kansu. He received a military education, completing his studies at the Kansu Military Academy at Lanchow in 1910. Beginning in 1913 he […]
Ma Chung-ying (1911- ? ), Chinese Muslim military leader, took part in the 1931 rebellion of Muslims in Sinkiang against Chinese rule. In 1933 his cavalry forces again attempted to remove Chinese authority from the area, but were pushed into southern Sinkiang by White Russian forces. Ma entered the Soviet Union in July 1934 and […]
Liang Shu-ming (9 September 1893-), attempted a new formulation of Confucianism while teaching at Peking University in 1917-24. From 1927 to 1937 he was a leader in the rural reconstruction movement. Thereafter, he was active in "third force" politics and helped to form the coalition that became the China Democratic League. Although he lived in […]
Feng Yü-hsiang 馮御香 (馮玉祥) Orig. Feng Chi-shan 馮基善 T. Huan-chang 煅章 Feng Yü-hsiang (1882-1 September 1948), military leader known as the Christian General, built up a formidable personal army, the Kuominchün, and dominated much of north China until his power was broken in 1930. Although his native place was Chaohsien, Anhwei, Feng Yü-hsiang was born […]
