Liu Hung-sheng (1888-1 October 1956), known as O. S. Lieu, one of the most prominent entrepreneurs of republican China, was particularly noted for his success in the match and wool industries. After 1949, he lived in the People's Republic of China as a "national industrialist." Although his native place was Tinghai, Chekiang, O. S. Lieu was born in Shanghai. His father was a prosperous merchant, and Lieu received a good education in both the Chinese classics and modern subjects. He enrolled at St. John's College (later St. John's University) at about the age of 19, but he had to leave school because the family's financial position decline4 and his father died. For a time, Lieu worked as a translator for the Shanghai Municipal Council in the International Settlement. In 1913, at the age of 25 sui, O. S. Lieu went to north China, where he found employment as a broker for the Kailan Mining Administration. His success in this job was such that he was able to start a small coal mining company of his own. He returned to Shanghai in 1920 as the area's general agent for the Kailan Mining Administration. He founded the China Coal Briquette Company, and in 1923 he established the Shanghai Cement Company.

By this time, O. S. Lieu had married the daughter of Yeh Ch'eng-chung (1840-1899), who had pioneered in the match industry in China and who had founded such companies as the Ying-chang Match Works in Shanghai. Although Lieu had never met his father-in-law, he became interested in Yeh's career and decided to establish a match factory. The Hung Sheng Match Company, founded in 1924, was very successful, and its profits enabled Lieu to develop his other interests. In 1927 he established the Hwa Foong Enamel Works and the China Woolen Works. That year, he also traveled to Europe and the United States to study Western business methods. After returning to China, he employed Lin Tien-chi to improve production methods and lower unit costs, and Lin instituted new methods for keeping the matches dry.

O. S. Lieu soon saw that the formation of a match combine would be advantageous to him. In 1930 he completed arrangements with the Ying-chang and the Chung-hua match factories to form the Great China Match Company. This combine produced about 200,000 cases of matches a year, about one-fourth of the total match production of China. In 1931 Lieu extended the combine arrangement throughout Kiangsu, and in 1936 he formed a national combine. The entire Chinese match industry set production quotas for all of its plants and agreed to refrain from building new factories for five years. The combine arrangement enabled the Chinese businesses to compete ik successfully with Japanese and Swedish match interests.

During this period, O. S. Lieu's brother, Liu Chi-sheng, attended to many of the administrative details of his enterprises, thus enabling Lieu to develop new interests. In 1931 he sponsored the establishment of the China Development Bank. He also served on the board of directors of the Shanghai Coal Merchants Bank, and the coal business continued to be an important part of his growing business empire. He became the chairman of two general development corporations and of the Shanghai Coal Godown Company, and he gradually created a chain of wharves and warehouses in various small ports. From 1931 to 1933 he served as a councillor of the Shanghai Municipal Council. He also was prominent in the newly founded Chinese Federation of Industries until 1936.

In November 1932 the government-owned China Merchants Steam Navigation Company was reorganized, and O. S. Lieu was appointed its general manager. Although he made many improvements in the operations of this shipping concern, he soon discovered that it had accumulated debts of such magnitude that the satisfactory servicing of its obligations was an impossibility. He resigned in 1934 and founded a small private shipping concern, the Chusan Steamship Company.

When Sino-Japanese relations threatened to deteriorate into war, O. S. Lieu made provisions for moving some of his factories to the interior areas. By 1936 he reportedly had built up a personal fortune of several million Chinese dollars, and St. John's University had recognized his achievements by awarding him an honorary LL.D degree. When the Sino- Japanese war began in 1937, Lieu established a match works in Hong Kong. He had been dependent on the Japanese for chemicals used in match making, but he now obtained the services of the chemist Chang T'ing-feng to produce electrolytic chemicals for him. In 1939 Lieu established factories for the production of raw materials for the match industry in Szechwan, Kweichow, Yunnan, and Kwangsi, selling many of their products to the National Government for distribution in the more remote areas of China. He moved the machinery from his China Woolen Works to Szechwan and established the China Woolen and Worsted Works at Chungking in 1942. He undertook to supply enough material to make 10,000 suits per year to be sold to public functionaries at very low prices. In return, the National Government exempted his wool products from price control. Beginning in 1942 Lieu also served as director of the government monopolies bureau at Chungking. In 1944 Lieu, wdth the aid of the Bank of Communications and the ministry of finance, planned the establishment of the Northwest Woolen Works. One of its units processed the region's raw wool. A second unit established in 1944 was the China Hat Manufacturing Works.

After the Japanese surrender in 1945, O. S. Lieu returned to Shanghai and found that most of his enterprises had been preserved, thanks to the painstaking efforts of his younger brother, who had remained in the area throughout the Japanese occupation. In 1946, in addition to reconstructing his own business empire, Lieu served as chief executive officer of the Chinese National Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and director of its Shanghai regional office.

O. S. Lieu left Shanghai for Hong Kong on the eve of the Chinese Communist occupation in May 1949. After the People's Republic of China was established, the Chinese Communists announced their policy of protection for private industry and trade that was beneficial to the state and that provided for the living needs of the people. Because Lieu believed that his enterprises met these requirements and that he would be able to carry on his activities under the new regime, he returned to Shanghai as a "national industrialist." He became a member of the executive committee of the China Democratic National Construction Association, a committee member of the All- China Federation of Industry and Commerce, and a vice president of the China Red Cross Society. From December 1952 to June 1954 he also served on the East China Administrative Committee. In 1954 he was a delegate from Shanghai to the National People's Congress and a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. After 1951 O. S. Lieu and the eldest of his 12 sons, Liu Nien-i, came under attack as capitalists. The Central People's Government soon began to convert private enterprises into "state and private jointly operated enterprises" as the first step in the nationalization and socialist transformation of all industry and commerce. Like other capitalists in the People's Republic of China, O. S. Lieu was gradually forced into inactivity. He died in Shanghai on 1 October 1956, at the age of 68 sui. The official announcement of his death stated that he had "ardently supported and implemented the policy of the state on the socialist transformation of capitalist industry and commerce." Liu I-cheng T. I-mou Liu I-cheng (1879-), historian of the Tung-nan, school and librarian of the Chiang-su sheng-li t'u-shu-kuan at Nanking.

Tant'u, Kiangsi, was the birthplace of Liu I-cheng. His father died when Liu was only seven sui, and thereafter he lived in the home of his maternal grandfather, Pao Chung-ming. His mother tutored him in the Chinese classics, and he became a sheng-yuan in 1895 and began tutoring private students. In 1901 he went to Nanking, where he served as associate compiler at the Chiang-ch'u pien-i-chü [Kiangsu-Hupeh compilation and translation bureau], headed by Miao Ch'üan-sun (q.v.). In 1906 he taught for a short time in Peking and Mukden. He then returned to Nanking to become a professor of history at the Nanking Higher Normal School, which became Southeast University in 1923 and National Central University in 1927. One of his favorite students was Chang Ch'i-yün (q.v.), for whom he secured an appointment in 1927 as instructor in geography.

In 1924 Liu I-cheng also became the executive secretary of the Hsueh-heng [critical review], which opposed the pai-hua [vernacular] movement of Hu Shih (q.v.) and his associates. Many of Liu's earlier writings were published in the Hsüeh-heng.

Liu I-cheng's scholarly activities reflected his dual role as historian and librarian. Between 1921 and 1929 he founded in Nanking the Society of History and Geography, which published the Shih-ti hsueh-pao [journal for the study of historical geography], and the Historical Society, which published the Shih-hsueh tsa-chih [historiography magazine]. Among the frequent contributors to these magazines were Chang Ch'i-yün and Miao Feng-lin (1898-; T. Tsan-yü), who later joined with Liu in founding the Chung-shan shu-chü [Chung-shan book company] - and publishing the Kuo-feng pan-yueh k'an [Kuo-feng semi-monthly]. These three magazines became the forum for the Tung-nan [southeastern] school of historical studies, which had some influence on Chinese scholarship in the 1920's and 1930's. In 1927 Liu I-cheng was appointed librarian of the Chiang-su sheng-li t'u-shu-kuan [Kiangsu provincial library]. Formerly known as the Chin-ling Lung-p'an-li t'u-shu-kuan [library of the Lung-p'an quarter of Nanking], the library had been founded by Miao Ch'üan-sun and financed by Tuan-fang (ECCP, II, 780-82). Its valuable holdings of rare books and manuscripts were second only to those of the National Peking Library. Under Liu I-cheng's direction, a number of the library's rare books were photographically reproduced and published. These included the Tsei-ch'ing hui-tsuan [collected materials concerning the rebel-thieves] and a set of three works devoted to the study of Manchuria under the Ming dynasty. In 1936 a catalogue of the library's holdings was published; it had been compiled by Fan Hsitseng and ^Vang Huan-piao under the direction of Liu I-cheng.

Among Liu's articles in the Hsüeh-heng were "Wang Hsüan-ts'e shih-chi," which dealt with a Buddhist monk who visited India in 643, 648, and 657; "Han-kuan-i shih" [the history of debates among the bureaucracy of the Han dynasty]; "Hua-hua chien pei-shih" [studies in sinification], a study of Japan's search for and acceptance of Chinese culture; "Tu Mo wei-yen" [a note on Mo-tzu], proclaiming the supremacy of Mencius over Jvlo-tzu; "Wu-painien ch'ien Nan-ching chih kuo-li ta-hsüeh" [a national university established 500 years ago in Nanking], a study of the Imperial Academy established during the Ming period; and the "T'ang-tai ping-shu k'ao" [the number of soldiers during the T'ang dynasty]. His Chungkuo wen-hua shih [history of Chinese culture], which appeared in the Hsüeh-heng in 1929, was published as a book in 1932. That year also saw the appearance of his Li-tai ping-shu mu-lu [catalogue of military books through the dynasties]. [401] Liu Jen-ching Liu also published articles and bibliographical notes in the Bulletin of the Kiangsu Provincial Library. Among these articles were "Lu Paoching hsien-sheng nien-p'u" [chronological biography of Lu Pao-ching], a study of Lu Wen-ch'ao (ECCP, I, 549-50); "Nan-chienshih t'an" [talks on the Nanking academy's recension of the twenty-one official dynastic histories]; "Tsu-p'u yen-chiu chü-li" [research in clan genealogies, with examples] ; "Chiangsu shu-yüan chih ch'u-kao: li-su-pien" [draft history of Kiangsu society: section on local rites and customs] ; and "Ming-tai Chiang-su wo-k'ou shih-chi" [collected accounts concerning the invasion of Kiangsu by Japanese pirates during Ming times], which appeared shortly after the Japanese attacked Mukden in September 1931. In 1948 Liu I-cheng, who had become an official historian in the newly founded Kuo-shih kuan, was given the title of academician by the Academia Sinica. His Kuo-shih yao-i [the essence of Chinese history] was published in Shanghai in 1949. Liu, J. Heng: see Liu Jui-heng Liu Jen-ching t'J t: m