Biography in English

Li Huang (14 January 1895-), scholar who joined with Tseng Ch'i (q.v.) in founding the China Youth party. It became part of the socalled third force movement, which endeavored to avert the possibility of civil war between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist party. The son of a prosperous Szechwanese merchant, Li Huang was born in Chengtu. After receiving a primary education in the Chinese classics, he studied at the government foreignlanguage school in Chengtu from 1908 to 1912. The following year, he entered Aurora University, a French Jesuit institution in Shanghai. His three years at Aurora gave him a good knowledge of the culture and language of France and a distaste for missionary institutions. Among his friends in Shanghai were Tseng Ch'i (q.v.) and Tso Shun-sheng.

After participating in the founding of the Young China Association in June 1918, Li Huang left China for France in December to continue his studies. He sailed with Li Shihtseng (q.v.), a founder of the work-study program in France, and in February 1919 he took charge of a group of students in the program who were entering the College de Montargis. That autumn, he entered the Sorbonne, where he spent the next five years studying European history, sociolog)% and comparative religion.

Because Li did not have to earn a living while pursuing his studies, he had sufficient leisure to engage in many outside activities. He held French classes for students in the work-study program and joined with Chou T'ai-hsuan in founding a news agency, the Pa-li t'ung-hsinshe, to cover the Paris Peace Conference. After the conference ended, the agency continued to supply Chinese publications with European news. Li wrote a number of articles for Chinese educational journals and acquired a reputation as an authority on Western educational methods. From December 1922 to June 1923 he toured Germany with Tseng Ch'i.

By the time Li and Tseng returned to France, the Kuomintang and the Communists in France had followed the example of their parties in China and had formed an alliance. Other Chinese students had formed a counteralliance dedicated to the upholding of kuochia-chu-i [nationalism] in opposition to the internationalism of the Kuomintang-Communist bloc. In December 1923 Tseng and Li became the two principal founders of the Young China party, which was composed of supporters of kuo-chia-chu-i.

After completing his studies at the Sorbonne in 1924, Li Huang returned to China, where he taught courses in European history, French literature, and education at Wuchang University ( 1 924-25 j, Peking University (1925-26j, and Szechwan University (1926-27;. During this period, he worked to win support for the China Youth party, but had little -success. In 1929 he decided to move to the French concession in Shanghai. The matter of his personal safety played a part in this decision, for his outspoken criticisms of Chiang Kai-shek and of his methods of governing had angered several government leaders at Nanking. Li remained in the French concession for three years, teaching at Futan University, Chiangnan College, and Chihhsing College.

In 1932 Li Huang went to Peiping, then held by troops of Chang Hsueh-liang (q.v.), who had allowed the Young China party much more freedom in Manchuria than had been permitted it in areas controlled by the Kuomintang. Chang had appointed a Young China party member, Weng i Ongi Chao-yuan, to command a division which guarded the gateway to China proper at Shanhaikuan. Li joined with Weng and his subordinate officers Miao K'o-hsin and Teng T'ieh-mei, who also were Young China party members, in establishing a base from which Weng could direct guerrilla harassment of the Japanese. This base area, located between Chinchow and the Great Wall, was a center of guerrilla operations until mid- 1933, when the Japanese attacked it. Li and Weng then sought refuge in Tsingtao.

Li Huang returned to his native Szechwan. After Chinese Communist troops entered Szechwan on their Long Iarch to northwest China, a number of prominent citizens of Chengtu, some of whom were sympathetic to the Young China party, formed a pacification committee and began a campaign to exterminate the Communists. The committee, in the hope of inducing the provincial troops to fight vigorously, appointed Li Huang its representative to the headquarters of the provincial army commander, Liu Hsiang (q.v.). Li's standing at the headquarters was enhanced by his long-time friendship with Liu Hsiang's chief of staff, Chang Chün-yu. He lived with the provincial army until mid- 1935, and, although the Szechwanese troops did not annihilate the Communist forces, they prevented them from advancing into central Szechwan.

After the Sian Incident of December 1936 [see Chiang Kai-shek) and the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war in July 1937, the Young China party modified its policies with respect to the Chinese Communist party and supported the united front. It became part of the so-called third force movement in Chinese politics, which endeavored to avert the possibility of civil war between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist party. When political parties of the third force movement formed the League of Chinese Democratic Political Groups Jater the China Democratic League, see Chang Lan) in 1941, Li became deputy chairman of its central committee and chairman of its branch in Chengtu. From 1938 until 1945 he also served as co-chairman of the People's Political Council at Chungking.

In 1945 Li Huang went to the United States as a member of the Chinese delegation to the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco. After returning to China, he took part in the Kuomintang- Communist peace negotiations initiated by General George C. ^larshall in 1946. The third force movement's efforts to avert or end civil war had no success, and some of its constituent parties, including one wing of the Young China party, struck bargains with the Kuomintang and came to support the National Government. Chiang Kai-shek offered Li Huang the post of minister of economic affairs in 1947, but Li refused the offer. Later that year, the National Government outlawed the China Democratic League. Li declined an invitation to become a political adviser to Chiang Kai-shek in 1948. After the Chinese Communists won control of the mainland in 1949, he established residence in Hong Kong, where he and Tso Shun-sheng continued to speak for that faction of the Young China party which remained critical of both the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communists. He also taught European history at Chinese colleges in Hong Kong and wrote articles for journals which supported the third force movement. Among Li Huang's most important scholarly works were Fa-kuo wen-hsueh shih [history of French literature], published in 1920; Kuochia-chu-i ti chiao-yü [nationalist education], written with Yü Chia-chü and published in 1 923 ; and Li-shih hsuehyü she-hui k'o-hsueh [history and the social sciences], published in 1932. Li Huang married Wang En-hui in 1916. They had two sons, Li Yin-yuan and Li Yin-chang, and two daughters, Li Yin-lien and Li Yin-t'ang.

Biography in Chinese

李璜
字:幼椿
号:学纯

李璜(1895.1.14—),学者。他和曾琦组织中国青年党,后来成为所谓的第三种势力运动的一个组织部份,力图避免国共内战。

李璜是四川一个富商的儿子,出生在成都。他受旧式教育后,于1908—1912年进了成都一所官办的洋文学堂。1913年,他在上海进法国耶稣会办的震旦大学。在那里,他取得了法国的文化和语言的知识,但对教会学校感到憎厌。他
在上海的朋友有曾琦、左舜生等人。

1918年6月,李璜参加了少年中国会的成立,12月去法国求学。他和留法勤工俭学的创办人李石曾同行。1919年2月,他负责率领进蒙塔尔吉学院的一批勤工俭学的学生。同年秋,李璜进入索邦大学,在此后五年中,他学了欧洲历史,社会学,比较宗教等课程。

李璜在学时,不必为谋生操心,所以有很多闲暇时间从事其他活动。他为勤工俭学学生办法语班,又与周太玄办了一个通讯社报道巴黎和会的消息。巴黎和会结束后,该通讯社继续向国内报刊提供欧洲的新闻。李璜为国内的教育
刊物写了不少有关教育的文章,因此被认为是研究西方教育方法的权威人士。1922年12月到1923年6月,他和曾琦一起去德国游历。

李、曾回到法国时,在法国的国民党和共产党,与国内同一步骤实行合作。有一些反对这一联合的中国学生坚持国家主义反对国共集团的国际主义。1923年12月曾琦和李璜成为中国青年党的两名主要发起人,该党为国家主义的支持
者所组成。

1924年,李璜完成索邦大学的学业后回国,1924—25年在武昌大学,1925一26年在北京大学,1926—27年在四川大学教欧洲史,法国文学,教育学等课。在此期间,他争取对青年党的支持,成效很少。他公开批评蒋介石及其统治,
因而激怒了南京的一些政府首领。为了本人安全,1929年,他决定迁居上海法租界。他在租界内住了三年,在复旦大学、江南大学、和执信学院教书。

1932年,李璜到当时由张学良的军队所控制的北京。张学良允许青年党在东北活动,远较国民党地区为自由。他委任了一名青年党人翁照桓为师长驻守通往关内的大门山海关。李璜与翁照桓及其部属青年党人苗可新、邓铁梅在锦
州与长城之间建立据点对日进行游击战争。1933年日军进攻该地区,李、翁逃往青岛。

李璜回到四川故乡。自从中国共产党军队向西北长征进入四川后,成都的一些头面人物,其中有些同情青年党的人士,组成绥靖委员会图谋消灭共产党军队。该委员会抱着劝说四川地方军奋勇作战,派李璜为驻刘湘川军司令部的
代表,他之所以能在司令部立足,是由于他与刘湘的参谋长张君瑜(译音)的悠久友谊。他在四川地方军中一直呆到1935年中,虽然川军并未能消灭共产党军队,但阻止了中共军队进入四川中部。

1936年12月西安事变及1937年7月中日战争爆发后,青年党改变了它对中国共产党的政策而支持统一战线,由此而成为中国政治中第三种势力的一部份,力图防止国共发生内战。这种第三势力的政党在1941年组成了“中国民主政治
团体同盟”(即民主同盟的前身),李璜任其中央委员会副主席,成都分会主席。1938—1945他又是重庆参议会的联合主席。

1945年,李璜以中国代表团成员身份参加在旧金山召开的联合国国际组织会议。回国后,他参加了马歇尔发起的国共和谈。第三势力防止或结束国共内战的努力未获成功,其中有些党派,包括青年党的一翼,与国民党达成交易支
持国民政府。1947年,蒋介石邀李璜担任经济部长,为李所拒。同年,国民政府宣布民主同盟为非法。1948年,蒋介石请他当政治顾问也未接受。1949年共产党统治了大陆后,李璜寓居香港,他与左舜生仍代表中国青年党中对国共两党均不满的一派。李璜还任香港各中文院校教欧洲史,还为第三势力所办刊物写文章。

李璜的重要学术著作,有1920年出版的《法国文学史》,又与余家菊合写《国家主义的教育》于1923年出版,1932年又出版了《历史学与社会科学》。

李璜在1916年和王安华结婚,生子二人李印元、李印章,女两人:李印琏、李印棠(均译音)。

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