Li Huang (14 January 1895-), scholar who joined with Tseng Ch'i (q.v.) in founding the China Youth party. It became part of the socalled third force movement, which endeavored to avert the possibility of civil war between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist party. The son of a prosperous Szechwanese merchant, Li Huang was born in Chengtu. After receiving a primary education in the Chinese classics, he studied at the government foreignlanguage school in Chengtu from 1908 to 1912. The following year, he entered Aurora University, a French Jesuit institution in Shanghai. His three years at Aurora gave him a good knowledge of the culture and language of France and a distaste for missionary institutions. Among his friends in Shanghai were Tseng Ch'i (q.v.) and Tso Shun-sheng.

After participating in the founding of the Young China Association in June 1918, Li Huang left China for France in December to continue his studies. He sailed with Li Shihtseng (q.v.), a founder of the work-study program in France, and in February 1919 he took charge of a group of students in the program who were entering the College de Montargis. That autumn, he entered the Sorbonne, where he spent the next five years studying European history, sociolog)% and comparative religion.

Because Li did not have to earn a living while pursuing his studies, he had sufficient leisure to engage in many outside activities. He held French classes for students in the work-study program and joined with Chou T'ai-hsuan in founding a news agency, the Pa-li t'ung-hsinshe, to cover the Paris Peace Conference. After the conference ended, the agency continued to supply Chinese publications with European news. Li wrote a number of articles for Chinese educational journals and acquired a reputation as an authority on Western educational methods. From December 1922 to June 1923 he toured Germany with Tseng Ch'i.

By the time Li and Tseng returned to France, the Kuomintang and the Communists in France had followed the example of their parties in China and had formed an alliance. Other Chinese students had formed a counteralliance dedicated to the upholding of kuochia-chu-i [nationalism] in opposition to the internationalism of the Kuomintang-Communist bloc. In December 1923 Tseng and Li became the two principal founders of the Young China party, which was composed of supporters of kuo-chia-chu-i.

After completing his studies at the Sorbonne in 1924, Li Huang returned to China, where he taught courses in European history, French literature, and education at Wuchang University ( 1 924-25 j, Peking University (1925-26j, and Szechwan University (1926-27;. During this period, he worked to win support for the China Youth party, but had little -success. In 1929 he decided to move to the French concession in Shanghai. The matter of his personal safety played a part in this decision, for his outspoken criticisms of Chiang Kai-shek and of his methods of governing had angered several government leaders at Nanking. Li remained in the French concession for three years, teaching at Futan University, Chiangnan College, and Chihhsing College.

In 1932 Li Huang went to Peiping, then held by troops of Chang Hsueh-liang (q.v.), who had allowed the Young China party much more freedom in Manchuria than had been permitted it in areas controlled by the Kuomintang. Chang had appointed a Young China party member, Weng i Ongi Chao-yuan, to command a division which guarded the gateway to China proper at Shanhaikuan. Li joined with Weng and his subordinate officers Miao K'o-hsin and Teng T'ieh-mei, who also were Young China party members, in establishing a base from which Weng could direct guerrilla harassment of the Japanese. This base area, located between Chinchow and the Great Wall, was a center of guerrilla operations until mid- 1933, when the Japanese attacked it. Li and Weng then sought refuge in Tsingtao.

Li Huang returned to his native Szechwan. After Chinese Communist troops entered Szechwan on their Long Iarch to northwest China, a number of prominent citizens of Chengtu, some of whom were sympathetic to the Young China party, formed a pacification committee and began a campaign to exterminate the Communists. The committee, in the hope of inducing the provincial troops to fight vigorously, appointed Li Huang its representative to the headquarters of the provincial army commander, Liu Hsiang (q.v.). Li's standing at the headquarters was enhanced by his long-time friendship with Liu Hsiang's chief of staff, Chang Chün-yu. He lived with the provincial army until mid- 1935, and, although the Szechwanese troops did not annihilate the Communist forces, they prevented them from advancing into central Szechwan.

After the Sian Incident of December 1936 [see Chiang Kai-shek) and the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war in July 1937, the Young China party modified its policies with respect to the Chinese Communist party and supported the united front. It became part of the so-called third force movement in Chinese politics, which endeavored to avert the possibility of civil war between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist party. When political parties of the third force movement formed the League of Chinese Democratic Political Groups Jater the China Democratic League, see Chang Lan) in 1941, Li became deputy chairman of its central committee and chairman of its branch in Chengtu. From 1938 until 1945 he also served as co-chairman of the People's Political Council at Chungking.

In 1945 Li Huang went to the United States as a member of the Chinese delegation to the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco. After returning to China, he took part in the Kuomintang- Communist peace negotiations initiated by General George C. ^larshall in 1946. The third force movement's efforts to avert or end civil war had no success, and some of its constituent parties, including one wing of the Young China party, struck bargains with the Kuomintang and came to support the National Government. Chiang Kai-shek offered Li Huang the post of minister of economic affairs in 1947, but Li refused the offer. Later that year, the National Government outlawed the China Democratic League. Li declined an invitation to become a political adviser to Chiang Kai-shek in 1948. After the Chinese Communists won control of the mainland in 1949, he established residence in Hong Kong, where he and Tso Shun-sheng continued to speak for that faction of the Young China party which remained critical of both the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communists. He also taught European history at Chinese colleges in Hong Kong and wrote articles for journals which supported the third force movement. Among Li Huang's most important scholarly works were Fa-kuo wen-hsueh shih [history of French literature], published in 1920; Kuochia-chu-i ti chiao-yü [nationalist education], written with Yü Chia-chü and published in 1 923 ; and Li-shih hsuehyü she-hui k'o-hsueh [history and the social sciences], published in 1932. Li Huang married Wang En-hui in 1916. They had two sons, Li Yin-yuan and Li Yin-chang, and two daughters, Li Yin-lien and Li Yin-t'ang.